Finding:

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   Air-independent propulsion

   Air-independent propulsion (AIP) is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric oxygen.
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   Submarine

   A newer development in air-independent propulsion is hydrogen fuel cells, first used on the German Type 212 submarine, with nine 34 kW or two 120-kilowatt cells.
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   History of submarines

   The German Type 212 submarine uses nine 34-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cell as air-independent propulsion, which makes it first series production submarine using fuel cell.
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   Type 041 submarine

   According to Chinese newspaper Science and Technology Daily (科技日报), this class boat is equipped with air-independent propulsion system developed by the 711th Research Institute of the China Shipbuilding Heavy Industry Group Corp (中国船舶重工集团公司第七一一研究所), referred as "Specialized engine" by the official Chinese source.
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   Rubin Design Bureau

   Another milestone of the era came in 1935, when Central Design Bureau engineer S.A. Bazilevskiy proposed an air-independent propulsion system which allowed engine operation based on the closed cycle REDO in both surface and submerged submarine conditions.
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   Nuclear marine propulsion

   Air-independent propulsion
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   Stirling engine

   They are the first submarines in the world to feature a Stirling engine air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, which extends their underwater endurance from a few days to two weeks.
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   Type 214 submarine

   It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte module (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells.
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   Indian Navy

   India signed a deal for six Scorpène submarines with MESMA air-independent propulsion, and construction has begun.
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    People's Liberation Army Navy

    Many Chinese submarines, including the Kilo, are also thought to have air-independent propulsion, which would allow them to remain submerged for longer periods of time than they could previously maintain.

Explore the following pages on Powerset:

• Air-independent propulsion,
• Submarine,
• History of submarines,
• Type 041 submarine,
• Rubin Design Bureau,
• Nuclear marine propulsion,
• Stirling engine,
• Type 214 submarine,
• Indian Navy,
• People's Liberation Army Navy